The Inevitable Spread of Soviet-backed Communism in...

The Inevitable Spread of Soviet-backed Communism in Eastern Europe At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States were principle players involved with reshaping post-war Europe. The region most affected policy changes was Eastern Europe, which includes those states that would eventually fall behind the Iron Curtain. While the camaraderie between the Big Three deteriorated, Soviet-backed communism was spreading across Eastern Europe. The argument during this time was that expansionism was inevitable since Stalin had already decided to establish Soviet power and Soviet-typed systems in the lands his army occupied; resistance was pointless. While nothing in history is inevitable, to a great extent,†¦show more content†¦Democracy never properly developed in Eastern Europe. The leaders and the elites of the newly independent Eastern states believed that Western-styled constitutional governments would produce Western-styled democracies that would be stable and prosperous, as well as effectively guarantee their p ower against challengers. Democracy strangely benefited the old elites and extremists were elected into government. The democratic roots planted in Western Europe were unable to take hold, leaving Eastern Europe vulnerable to communism. There were also political and economic structural weaknesses in Eastern Europe after 1945. The communists had a high probability of successfully filling the void in the political structure. The forces to resist them were no longer there, either because they were destroyed by World War II or undermined by the outcome of post-war settlements. Those involved in the fledgling democratic forces in Eastern Europe were systematically killed, deported or forced into exile, first by the Germans, then by the communists, illustrating the weak democratic foundations of the region. According to Schopflin, In essence, Central and Eastern Europe was the scene of a power vacuum and the communists proved to be the force best able to fill it (60). In Czechoslovakia, for example, the old elite lost prestige and self-confidence after the war, and the upper and middle classes were repressed. In Yugoslavia, the war left a tradition ofShow MoreRelated The Spread of Soviet-Backed Communism Across Eastern Eu rope after 19452042 Words   |  9 PagesThe Spread of Soviet-Backed Communism Across Eastern Europe after 1945 In seeking to provide an answer to the question, â€Å"Was the spread of Soviet-backed communism inevitable across Eastern Europe after 1945?,† I would like to point to the words of a contemporary specialist. At the end of World War II, R. R. Betts, the Masaryk Professor of Central European History at London University, asserted that much of the â€Å"revolution in central and eastern Europe† is â€Å"native and due to the effortsRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet Union Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Soviet Union. Both countries desired to expand their ideologies across the globe, the U.S. urging capitalism and democratic elections and the Soviets promoting communism. After the allies had obtained victory in World War II, the Yalta Conference was held. Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to expand his sphere of influence into Eastern Europe and demanded that Poland, as well as other Eastern European countries, act as a buffer between Western Europe and the Soviet UnionRead MoreWhy did the United States adopt a policy of containment?1812 Words   |  8 Pagesitself was an attempt to contain the Soviet Union within its current borders and frustrate any attempts of expansion. George F. Kennan, a diplomat and US State department advisor on Soviet affairs, introduced the term in his famous Anonymous X - article. Keenan suggested a Long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies This would lead to the inevitable break up of the Soviet Union. Since the defeat of the Nazis the Soviets because of their communist ideologyRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1508 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1945, the United States and Soviet Union joined up as allies in World War II, which resulted with total victory for United States and Soviet forces over Hitler’s Nazi domain in Europe. After just a few years, allies from war turned into complete enemies, becoming sealed in a military, political, global and economic struggle. But the question is, what led to the Cold War? Was it the Soviets, who revoked their agreements to allow the people of Eastern Europe to determine their own fates by imposingRead MoreCold War Ethical Reflection1419 Words   |  6 Pagesis one of the most important periods of time that has greatly influenced and shaped the modern world. It was not just a battle between two super powers, the USA and the Soviet Union, but also a clash of two really popular id eologies during that time. There was the American claim of fighting for freedom and democracy and the Soviet claims of fighting for the interests of the workers and the common people. Now in theory, these ideologies seemed ethical, but throughout this period, both countries’ actionsRead MoreSoviet War : The Cold War Essay2010 Words   |  9 PagesStates and the Soviet Union. This tension originated through the political, economic, and ideological differences between these two governments. The United States was wary of the communist government in Russia, starting from the Red Scare. Throughout the duration of World War I and II, the United States sought to contain communism and prevent it from spreading into the free and democratic regions of the world. This caused the Red Scare, or in other terms, fear of world domination by communism, which ledRead MoreKennedy Doctrine3116 Words   |  13 Pagesthe containment of Communism and the reversal of Communist progress in the West ern Hemisphere. The Kennedy Doctrine was essentially an expansion of the foreign policy prerogatives of the previous administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower and Harry S. Truman. The foreign policies of these presidents all revolved around the threat of communism and the means by which the United States would attempt to contain the spread of it. The Truman Doctrine focused on the containment of communism by providing assistanceRead MoreUs Wars Essay4423 Words   |  18 Pagesamong people.   According to the theory, foreign policy makers change their beliefs in situations when they are forced to by situational pressures.   For example, during the Cold War, many policy makers had to adopt anti-Soviet beliefs even though they were consistently favoring U.S.-Soviet cooperation.   Also, later on however, the US continued to distrust Russia even after they were deemed more trustworthy. The theory is very general, but there are three factors that account for differences among policymakersRead MoreWha t Is The Most Dangerous Ignorance Or Fear?1778 Words   |  8 Pagesthe eastern front. Instead the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin toppled over the Czar in power and took over to establish their own form of Communist government. With major European powers like France and Germany in shambles at the end of the war, there were only two remaining superpowers: The United States and Russia. Since each country was built on very different ideologies it is easy to see how the citizens and policy makers grew weary; not only with the idea of communism, but the spread of itRead MoreAmerica an Apostle for Justice and a Combatant of Terrorism1391 Words   |  6 Pagesjust to triumph villainous forces. World War 1: Summary: A bloody war that engulfed all of central Europe as well as the interior effect it had on American people. To put the size of this war in perspective it was deemed â€Å"The War to End All Wars†. Starting in 1914 and spanning to 1919 Americas involvement isn’t until 1917. The war itself was inevitable but the spark that set Europe ablaze was the assassination of Austrias Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.The assassination occurred

The Future of Academic Honesty - Paper - 5010 Words

91 THE FUTURE OF ACADEMIC HONESTY Peggy Choong, Niagara University Bob S. Brown, Marshall University Graduate College ABSTRACT Cheating has permeated many facets of American life. Reports on cheating are found in business, the media and on college campuses. Perhaps one of the more disturbing trends is reports on increasing cheating among grade and high school teachers and administrators. This makes the behavior, motivation and training of education students relevant for scrutiny. The paper examines academic dishonesty among college students training to be teachers. The study uncovers through factor analysis four salient dimensions of cheating, namely Flagrant Cheating, Insidious Cheating, Collusion and Illicit Collaboration. It also†¦show more content†¦The sample consisted of 198 students in teacher education classes at a private university in the northeast. Each questionnaire was placed in an unmarked envelope. Completed questionnaires were replaced in these envelopes and sealed by the student. The questionnaires were voluntarily completed during class time. Students who declined to parti cipate were encouraged to engage in other reading or writing activities. Respondents were assured that their responses were confidential and anonymous. The average age of the respondents was 28 years. About 80% of the respondents were females and more than 80% were registered for more than twelve credits. The mean and the mode of salary expectations were between $30,001 and $35,000 with more than a quarter of the respondents (28%) expecting salaries between $35,001 to $40,000. RESULTS Uncovering the salient dimensions of academic dishonesty In order to uncover the salient dimensions of academic dishonesty, the sixteen dishonest practices were submitted to factor analysis. Factor analysis is a procedure for summarizing the information ratings on the sixteen practices into a smaller number of salient dimensions which can then be identified as the dimension underlying the respondents’ ratings. It is in this way that the commonalities in responses are effectively discerned. Four factors were extracted which had an Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, Volume 11, Number 2, 2007 93 eigenvalue more than one.Show MoreRelatedAcademic Honesty - Essay 31242 Words   |  5 PagesIn reading and researching the topic of academic honesty and integrity I have found that there are varying views on what is considered cheating, and that cheating occurs in all academic levels and fields of study. Interestingly business students do not believe that cheating is as serious as students in other fields. I also found that there are many parties that are responsible for teaching students why academic honesty and integrity are so important. The key to teaching this important value is toRead MoreEssay about The Importance of Academic Integrity1278 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction On a research paper, how much information can you â€Å"borrow† with or without citing the original author?   How do you cite the resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonesty? Who cares if you steal test answers, falsify experimental data, cheat on an exam, or download informationRead MoreReflective Paper959 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Academic Honesty your name Class number Date Instructor Name Importance of Academic Honesty This paper will explain the importance of academic honesty in students’ life. â€Å"Academic honesty means the performance of all academic work without cheating, lying, dishonesty of any kind, getting any unauthorized assistance and favors from anyone† (Valdosta State University). Academic honesty helps to motivate students to become better human beings. It is very important aspect ofRead MoreAcademic Integrity 141289 Words   |  6 Pagesand importance of ‘Academic Integrity’ in assignment completed by undergraduate students. Introduction On a research paper, how much information can you â€Å"borrow† with or without citing the original author?   How do you cite the resources you â€Å"borrowed† or quoted from the original author?   Will anyone know if you submit a friend’s research paper?   No one can see you taking an online test from your living room – should that change how you take a test?   Who is hurt by academic dishonesty? Who caresRead MoreAction Plan and Annotated Bibliography on Maintaining Academic Honesty1390 Words   |  6 PagesAction plan: maintaining academic honesty Academic dishonesty is a serious issue for anyone regardless of the discipline they are pursuing or the contextual factors. It undermines the quality of the end product such as the services that the person engaging in academic dishonesty will provide in the future. It also beats the purpose of going through academic institutions that provide facilities and facilitators in the education process. Academic dishonesty is, therefore, wrong in all forms and isRead MoreAcademic Integrity : Types Of Academic Dishonesty And Prevention Methods1743 Words   |  7 Pages Academic Integrity: Types of academic dishonesty and prevention methods Chetan Muppaneni Webster University Academic Integrity: Types of academic dishonesty and prevention methods Abstract This paper discusses the different types of academic dishonesty and the prevention measures that are taken to maintain academic integrity. The need of following the codes/rules of the institutions and to promote the academic integrity is mainly on the students and the faculty. The paper discussesRead MoreEssay about Axia College Survival Guide1316 Words   |  6 Pageshave access to all necessary tools, guidelines and materials to achieve the best education. The purpose of this paper is to provide college student with a Survival Guide while attending Axia College. The topics discuss in this paper are as following: College Student Survival Guide provides student with information on topics about Axia’s Educational Resources, Upholding Academic Honesty, Setting and Achieving Goals, Managing Time Wisely, Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention, and ApplyingRead MoreAcademic Honesty: in Principle and in Practice1596 Words   |  7 PagesAcademic Honesty: In Principle and in Practice [Your Name Here] Axia College University of Phoenix [Instructor Name Here] September 28, 2008 Abstract The focus of this discussion is on the importance of maintaining academy honesty, which is a requirement of all students of Axia College of University of Phoenix. Each student is responsible for the way they conduct themselves while attending the University of Phoenix. Realizing that a part of being honest is to make sure that all your assignmentsRead MoreAcademic Integrity : The Moral Code Or Ethical Policy Of Academia1487 Words   |  6 PagesShivang Parikh March 12, 2017 Q-course Section I Academic integrity is the moral code or ethical policy of academia. This includes values such as avoidance of cheating or plagiarism; maintenance of academic standards; honesty and rigor in research and academic publishing (Wikipedia). Academic integrity reminds students to work honestly without any type of cheating. Plagiarism is one way that breaks academic integrity. Plagiarism is when you take someone’s else’s work or idea withoutRead MoreStudent Cheating Is Not The Right Thing, But When No One Is Watching935 Words   |  4 Pagesirresponsible. Academic integrity helps students to understand precise standards and rules that help to avoid dishonesty. There were enough surveys that argue about different reasons why students don’t pursue the truthful way to accomplish an assignment. It can be the pursuit of prestige, a self- interest or ambiguous attitude. The most conventional here is plagiarism. However, let’s look at the more positive sides of Acad emic Integrity, and we can see such words as â€Å"truth, honesty and responsibility

Genocide in Srebrenica and the Birth of R2P - 1025 Words

Genocide in Srebrenica and the Birth of R2P In 1995, three years of systematic ethnic cleansing by the Bosnian Serb forces culminated in the town of Srebrenica with the androcide of over 8,000 Bosnian Muslims. The Dutch peacekeepers from the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), charged with protecting the safe area, were ill-equipped to deal with the Serb takeover and watched as women were raped, children were murdered, and men and boys were gunned down. In one of the worst acts of genocide since the holocaust, the international community’s response mirrored that of the peacekeepers on the ground in Srebrenica—watch and wait. By the time NATO forces intervened to force peace talks, nearly 100,000 people were dead from the civil war, 65% of whom were Bosniaks. While conventions have been in place since WWII to define war crimes and genocide and allow prosecution of those who commit these acts, the United Nations response to these atrocities has been sporadic and d isorganized. The massacre in Srebrenica shined a spotlight on the failures of the international community to prevent mass atrocities. We needed an international guideline to systematically and effectively respond to civil war and intrastate conflict. Out of this was born the idea of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Humanitarian intervention was by no means a new topic—its rhetoric has been around since the mid 1800s. However, in trying to codify the â€Å"right to intervene† there was a controversial

Stakeholder Relationship Management Approach

Question: Discuss about the Stakeholder Relationship Management Approach. Answer: Introduction: In his review on the management of stakeholder relationship as risk approaches in tourism and hospitality, Nicola (2016) denotes that tourism and hotel industry seems to be reluctant in the profound implementation as well as structured crisis concepts of risk management. Responses to risks and crisis situations are often ad-hoc and intuitive while the rate of the worldwide environment, technological, social, as well as other crises, are perceived to be a constant increase. However, nothing much tends to be done except the instant broadcasting by the internet and media in the cases of occurrences. The study as well points out that with competition in almost all categories, destination, and conceptions within the industry, the management of most hotels often fail to show stakeholder trustworthiness that can enable then gain competitive advantage within the industry. In his study, Nocola (2016) aimed at evaluating the integrated crisis management approaches and models adopted within the hotel industry and the derivation of stakeholder relationship approaches in managing the crisis. It was also aimed at evaluating the compilation of various underlying forms set for the individualization of integrated models of crisis management, an objective that would help in developing a content interview certificate scheme on experts that can be applied in managing other forms of crises within the industry. The study conducted a semi-structured interview on experts within the industry focusing on hotel and tourism managers to determine the status quo of the applied crisis management approaches. Questionnaires were also used in three groups of stakeholders i.e. hotel guests, internal hotel stakeholders, and destination managers to evaluate the stakeholder demands and perceptions towards crisis approaches. The study also adopted both qualitative and quantitative data analysis with subsequent data interpretation methods so as to effectively develop an integrated approach based on the results of the collected data. In the end, Nicole (2016) concluded that both empirical approaches and literature review on contemporary issues related to crises and risks influencing the global hotel and tourism industry lacks scientific research taking into account the approach of stakeholder relationship management. Most of the hotels and tourism sectors globally are only willing to invest in the implementation approaches after the occurrences of a crisis while little care is given towards prevention measures. However, varieties of aspects seem indispensable in the modern hotel management indicating that the potential knowledge acquisition is promising. In their study, Luo, Wan, and Liang (2016) focused on the risk management of the supply chain within the tourism industry. According to the study, the high level of the supply chain management complexities, as well as the inherent risks existing in the demand and supply of resources, are understood to be the primary limiting factors that affect the tourism and hotel industries from achieving high performance in the global market. Despite the fact that emerging literature on risk management in tourism and hotel industry or its equivalent exists, there is uneven progress in the area since most research tend to focus on traditional single business risk perspectives of management. However, they do not consider the entire range of various suppliers involved in the consumption or provision of tourism products. Therefore, Luo, Wan, and Liang (2016) apply a risk management theory to new research perspectives on tourism and supply chain management as an approach to solving the related contemp orary risks and crises within the industry. The study hence develops a design framework of a multi-agent based decision system of support based on the related theories and techniques in managing disruptions as well as mitigating risks in tourism and supply chain. Similar to any other industry, the hotel and tourism industry is globally susceptible to risks and crises. These risks and crises manifest themselves in different forms that can cause a disastrous consequence on the effective performance of the industry. For instance, Luo, Wan, and Liang (2016) denote that supply chain risks are implemented in some industries while drawing a widespread research attention within the tourism and hotel industry as well. In their study, Luo, Wan, and Liang (2016) focused on reviewing the different literature on the general concept of supply chain risk management in tourism and finally propose a multi-agent based framework that is based on the foundation of effective collaborative risk management. They concluded that there is a need for the adoption of risk management systems on the supply chain that is focused on utilizing previous successful cases of risk management. The system should also be focused on the utilization of expert knowledge and experience in achieving the advantages of human-machine interaction in solving supply chain management issues within the global hotel and tourism management industry. In their study, Lam and Voellm (2016) denote that Brexit for several years has become a household name in the European countries and beyond as being the withdrawal of the United Kingdom out of the European Union. At the point of decision-making, the European were required to vote on whether to stay or leave the Union and the result was its exit as 51.9% supported the exit while only 48.1% of the voters desired that the UK remains in the European Union. The study also denotes that the move has affected different industries within the UK both positively and negatively with most industries such as the hotel and tourism facing a drastic negative risk and impacts on their businesses. The effects now require the UK to take action on major changes as a result of the significant amount of uncertainty surrounding the prowess of its future economies in its major industries such as the manufacturing, transport, health, and tourism. According to the study, tourism and hotel industry is very important for the welfare of the economy but it outbound or inbounds travel. With the existence of Brexit, the tourism sector has since experienced 13.9% decrease in effectiveness and performance within the UK, a sign of insecurity and worry by investors and tourists on the related risks and uncertainties of the economy. For instance, Asia is exerting a gravitational pull on the industry by constantly attracting travelers from the international arena while tourism sector is evolving in both leisure and corporate segments. The resulting impact is that many international destinations are establishing their share in the British outbound leisure market as they develop respective economies and tourism for foreigners in capturing both business and leisure demands. Instead, the UK economies are depreciating and facing a global crisis of foreign travelers due to changes in industrial policies as well as investors regulations hence ca using a crisis in the smooth flow of tourism activities. While still in the Union, the UK enjoyed a strong spending power overseas while the strength of the British Pound opened up opportunities to a broader part of foreign travel and activities that boosted the tourism and hotel industry in Europe. However, exit from the union resulted in a devolution process that reduced the economic strength of the currency and reduced the lifestyle maintenance for many target customers within the hotel and tourism industry. Lam and Voellm point out that an increase in price sensitivity has caused a slow picking-up process for the tourism industry hence affecting even the general economies of scale in the global arena as hotel and tourism industry unites the global business and foreign investment. In their study, Liu et al. (2016) point out that tourism is among the most vulnerable and susceptible industries across the globe. These risks and vulnerabilities can threaten and affect or even damage the reputation of the attraction or destinations thus negatively affecting the perception of consumers. The increase in the number of risks and crises in the tourism and hotel sector has resulted in the growth of literature and research surrounding the topic. With technological advancements, the social media has been used in disseminating crisis-related information while engaging stakeholders in practices of crisis management as well as communicating with customers. As a result, Liu et al. (2016) focus their studies on the growing infestation of bed bugs in the US hotel sectors and how the crisis is addressed in the social media. The study points out that New York City is among the top tourism destinations that are overwhelmed by the infestation of bed bugs that have emerged a major crisis to the hospitality industry regardless of the star ratings of the hotels, their locations, or even ranking. Given the growing problem of bed bug infestation, the study focused on understanding how the social media framed the crisis by customers and travelers as well as the impacts it had on the hospitality experience in the tourism sector. The study identified four general narrative frames as well as 14 sub-frames in the analysis that confirmed that bed bugs had become a real and growing concern for customers. As a result, the local customers and foreign travelers are using the social media platforms to share and report their bed bug experiences. From the opinions and experiences discussed, the hotel and tourism stakeholders and managers organize on the best methods of addressing the issue with a quick response to a concern that when not addressed can destroy the reputation and general performance of the industry. References Nicola, M 2016, Crisis management within the hotel industry A stakeholder relationship management approach Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7 (2006), 2738, viewed 2 June 2016 Luo, B, Wan, L, Liang, L 2016, 'A Multi-Agent-Based Research on Tourism Supply Chain Risk Management,'Journal Of Advanced Manufacturing Systems, 13, 3, pp. 133-153, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 December 2016. Lam, L, Voellm, D 2016, 'Brexit and Travel: The risks and crises of a tourism downturn in Asia,'HVS Global Hospitality Report, pp. 1-5, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 22 December 2016. Liu, B, Lori, P, Donohoe, H (2016), New York City Bed Bug Crisis as Framed by Tourists on Tripadvisor NewYork Times Journal on Tourism Analysis, 20(2)DOI: 10.3727/108354215X14265319207597, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278851517_New_York_City_Bed_Bug_Crisis_as_Framed_by_Tourists_on_Tripadvisor

Juvenile Delinquency Contributing Factors Current Essay Example For Students

Juvenile Delinquency Contributing Factors Current Essay Research and Intervention Juvenile delinquency is a complex social problem that significantly impacts all members and processes of a social structure. Delinquency refers to a set of behaviors that are not in line with the collective practices and/or ethics of the dominant social group. Essentially, these behaviors deviate from societal norms and more specifically they violate established criminal codes and laws. Juvenile delinquency incorporates not only general criminal activity but conduct that is only unlawful for youths such as running away from home and skipping school. Current research into this difficult and pressing issue reflects a vast range of theories about, and predictors of delinquency as well as a multitude of strategies to control and reduce overall delinquency. The consensus among practitioners and researchers however maintains that juvenile delinquency is a dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal factors. Subsequently, investigators and professionals suggest that treatment procedures must focus on not only the immediate issue of the offenders deviant behavior but on every element within the context of that behavior as well, including for example, family relations and social support services/networks. Conventional practice has long associated early preventive measures with positive delinquency reduction results. In particular, timely recognition of at-risk youth and correction of ineffective or minimally effective parenting techniques are critical to the prevention of future delinquency (Lundman, 1993). Numerous risk factors have been identified as indicators or predictors of juvenile delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels, specifically within the structure of the offenders family. Some of these factors include conflict within the family, a lack of adequate supervision and/or rules, a distinct lack of parent-child attachment, instability, poor home life quality, parental expectations, out-of-home placements and inconsistent discipline (Shumaker, 1997). Social service professionals who frequently come into contact with children must be especially vigilant in order to detect the presence of any of the possibly contributory conditions mentioned above and to refer families to appropriate sources of assistance as early as possible. Generally speaking, the relationship between family conflict and delinquency is significant. There are many types of family conflict but the absence of communication and the inability to solve problems are two of the most fundamental forms relative to future delinquency. The nature of these conflicts is cyclical in that communication and problem-solving breakdowns increase the incidences of delinquency which in turn increase the stress and conflict levels within the family leading to more instances of deviant behavior (Smith Stern, 1997). Educators, clinicians and other professionals who provide services for children should carefully evaluate reports from children regarding such things as parental fighting, abuse and/or neglect so that they may obviously address those immediate concerns but also assess the possible need for preventive intervention. Structure is very important in the life of a developing child. Most of that necessary structure is provided by the parents/family. Rules or guidelines are inherently part of that structure and careful parental supervision is essential to the derivation and implementation of those rules. For example, children should always have to tell their parents where they are and whom theyre with. A parent should be diligent in his/her supervision to the extent that (s)he actually knows the whereabouts of his /her children at all times ( Shumaker, 1997). Service professionals should understand the relationship between lack of supervision/rules in the home and possible future criminal behavior among youths and should be solicitous in their observations. Parent-child attachment is also a key factor in the delinquency of a minor. Attachment refers to the process that bonds a child to a parent and is usually completed in infancy. It is generally held that children who are insecurely attached to their parents are more likely to commit crimes. However, there are some therapeutic techniques which can be employed to increase the strength of a relationship throughout childhood (Shumaker, 1997). Researchers suggest that social service workers should pay close attention to a child feeling unloved or unimportant as these feelings can be indicative of poor attachments and may lead to juvenile criminality. Delinquency can further be related to degrees of instability in an offenders life. Instability is generally characterized by stress, carrying out threats or promises (Patterson, 1986), frequent changes of residence/friends, dramatic changes in .